Stepping out of the Chinese Room: Word meaning with and without consciousness
نویسندگان
چکیده
English. What is the role of consciousness in language processing? Unconscious priming experiments show that words can prime other words with related meanings (cat – dog), and these priming effects are assumed to reflect the activation of conceptual knowledge in semantic memory. Alternatively, however, unconscious priming effects could reflect predictive relationships between the words’ forms, since words that are semantically related are also statistically related in language use. Therefore, unconscious “semantic” priming effects could be due to relationships between words’ forms mimicking conceptual relationships, as in Searle’s Chinese Room thought experiment. To distinguish wordform-based and semantics-based accounts of priming we conducted an experiment in which temporal words (e.g., earlier, later) were preceded by spatial words that were processed either consciously or unconsciously. Time is typically conceptualized as a spatial continuum extending along either the sagittal (front-back) or the lateral (left-right) axis, but only the sagittal space-time mapping is encoded in language (e.g. the future is ahead, not to the right). Results showed that temporal words were primed both by sagittal words (back, front) and lateral words (left, right) when primes were perceived consciously, as predicted by both wordformbased and semantics-based accounts. Yet, only sagittal words produced an unconscious priming effect, as predicted by the wordform-based account. Unconscious word processing appears to be limited to relationships between words’ forms, and consciousness may be needed to activate words’ meanings. Italiano. Qual è il ruolo della coscienza nell’elaborazione semantica delle parole? Esperimenti di masked priming semantico mostrano che la vista di una parola può facilitare il riconoscimento di un’altra parola dal contenuto semantico simile (gatto – cane). Questo effetto di priming è solitamente interpretato come evidenza che la parola inconscia è processata a livello semantico. Tuttavia, tale effetto può essere spiegato anche sulla base di relazione tra forme lessicali (senza attivazione di informazione nella memoria semantica). Infatti, parole che sono semanticamente legate sono anche legate statisticamente nel linguaggio. Il priming semantico inconscio potrebbe semplicemente emulare relazioni concettuali, come nel famoso esperimento mentale della stanza cinese di Searle. Per distinguere il priming lessicale dal priming semantico abbiamo condotto un esperimento in cui parole temporali (ieri, domani) erano precedute da parole spaziali mostrate sia a livello subliminale che supraliminale. Il tempo è tipicamente concettualizzato attraverso mappe spaziali che si estendono lungo l’asse sagittale (il passato è dietro, e il futuro davanti) e lungo l’asse laterale (il passato è a sinistra, futuro a destra). Solo la mappatura sagittale è però codificata nel linguaggio (il futuro è davanti, non a destra). I risultati mostrano come sia le parole sagittali (dietro, davanti) che quelle laterali (sinistra, destra) facilitano l'elaborazione di parole temporali (ad esempio prima e dopo), quando percepite consciamente. Al contrario, quando i prime sono elaborati al di fuori della coscienza, l’effetto sull’asse laterale viene meno. Il processo inconscio delle parole sembra dunque essere limitato a relazioni tra forme lessicali; la coscienza potrebbe essere necessaria per attivarne il significato.
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تاریخ انتشار 2016